Target host factors for treating viral infection

ABSTRACT

A method of reducing virus-mediated cytotoxicity comprising contacting virus-infected cells with an effective amount of at least one inhibitor of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to methods and compositions for treating viral infection by manipulating expression of a target sequence. The methods and compositions may, for example, be useful in treating virus infection and/or reducing virus replication and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity.

BACKGROUND

Infections from influenza viruses pose potentially catastrophic global economic and health threats. Most current therapeutic strategies are directed at viral entry prevention, such as vaccination. These strategies face challenges because viruses display considerable antigenic malleability which enable then to circumvent innate and/or acquired immunity.

Influenza viruses pose a significant threat to the world population as causative agents in seasonal epidemics that claim many lives annually. Furthermore pandemic outbreaks of influenza can have a significant health and economic impact. The emergence of highly-pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and the pandemic outbreak of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus (SOIV) strongly signals the need for further investigation of this complex virus and its pathogenicity.

Consequently, developing strategies for preventing and treating viral infection is desirable. New and effective compositions are needed to prevent and treat influenza virus infection.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for treating viral infection by manipulating expression of a target sequence. The methods and compositions may be useful in treating virus infection and/or reducing virus replication and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity.

According to the present disclosure there is provided a method of reducing virus replication comprising contacting virus-infected cells with an effective amount of at least one inhibitor of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-INFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2.

The present disclosure also provides a method of reducing virus-mediated cytotoxicity comprising contacting virus-infected cells with an effective amount of at least one inhibitor of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2.

The present disclosure further provides a method for treating a viral infection in a subject comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising at least one inhibitor of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2, wherein the composition reduces expression or activity of the ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 when administered to the subject.

In the methods as described above the inhibitor may be selected from siRNA, RNAi, shRNA, antisense RNA, antisense DNA, decoy molecule, decoy DNA, double stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, complexed DNA, encapsulated DNA, viral DNA, plasmid DNA, naked RNA, encapsulated RNA, viral RNA, double stranded RNA, molecules capable of generating RNA interference, synthetic ligands, peptide ligands, antagonists, agonists, antibodies, small chemical molecules and combinations thereof.

Furthermore in the methods as described above the siRNA may have a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID 29, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID 39 and combinations thereof and the shRNA may have a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 11 to SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 31 to SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 40 to SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47 to SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67 to SEQ ID NO: 98, and combinations thereof.

Furthermore the ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 inhibitor may act on a polypeptide, DNA, or RNA.

In the methods as described above the cells may be contacted by the inhibitor in vivo and the subject may be a mammal. More specifically the mammal may be a human. Furthermore the virus in the methods described may be an influenza virus.

The present disclosure further provides a method of screening for an agent useful for reducing virus to production and/or reducing virus-mediated cytotoxicity in a cell comprising:

i) contacting a cell expressing ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 with a test compound;

-   -   ii) comparing the amount of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85,         C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB,         HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1,         MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A,         SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13,         TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 in         the cell in the presence and absence of the test compound; and     -   iii) selecting any test compound decreasing the amount of ABI2,         ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1,         GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32,         LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1,         PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3,         STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47,         WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 as useful for reducing virus         production and/or reducing virus-mediated cytotoxicity.

In addition a siRNA for treating virus infection is provided. The siRNA may comprise a sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID 29, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID 39. A shRNA for treating virus infection is also provided. The shRNA may comprise a sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 11 to SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 31 to SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 40 to SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47 to SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67 to SEQ ID NO: 98.

The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical formulation for treating a virus infection comprising at least one inhibitor of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2. At least one inhibitor may be a nucleic acid and the nucleic acid may be selected from siRNA, RNAi, shRNA, or combinations thereof or from nucleic acid molecules capable of encoding siRNA, RNAi, shRNA, or combinations thereof.

The siRNA in the pharmaceutical formulation may have a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID 29, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID 39 and combinations thereof and the shRNA may have a sequence selected from the group SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 11 to SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 31 to SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 40 to SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47 to SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67 to SEQ ID NO: 98 and combinations thereof.

This summary does not necessarily describe all features of the invention. Other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description of some specific embodiments of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description in which reference is made to the appended drawings wherein:

FIG. 1: (A) shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. (B) shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103. (C) shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. (D) shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30. (E) shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. (F) shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66. (G) shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99. (H) shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100. (I) shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101. (J) shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102.

FIG. 2: shows a schematic diagram of methods. Details are given in Methods Summary (Example 4).

FIG. 3: shows a Venn diagram of the genes (target host factors) identified in the genome-wide RNAi screen. Unique number of genes identified in the first and second biological replicates of the high-throughput screens. 35 unique genes were identified in both experiments.

FIG. 4 shows PANTHER biological process categorization of the 35 unique genes.

FIG. 5 shows PANTHER molecular functions categorization of the 35 unique genes.

FIG. 6 shows biomolecular interaction network of the identified gene candidates.

FIG. 7 shows Influenza virus replication in A549 knockdown cells. Cytopathic effect (CPE) of cells knocked down with one of indicated shRNA, mock infected (top row), or infected with NY55 (48 hpi after MOI 1—2nd row), PR8 (72 hpi after MOI 0.1—3rd row), or SOIV (72 hpi after MOI 0.1—bottom row). Cells were examined with a Nikon Eclipse TE2000-S inverted microscope and images obtained with a Canon PowerShot A700 digital camera.

FIG. 8 shows (a) Measurements of cell viability (measured by trypan blue exclusion) of normal A549 and A549 knockdown cells at 72 hpi after mock infection or infection with PR8, NY55 and SOIV virus; (b) Measurements of NY55 (48 hpi), PR8 (72 hpi), and SOIV (72 hpi) replication in shRNA knockdown A549 cells at MOI 1, 0.01, and 0.5, respectively. Additional data presented in FIG. 9; (c) NY55 and SOIV virus replication in siRNA-knockdown A549 cells after 48 h infection at MOI 0.1. NSi=non-silencing. Error bars represent standard deviation from 2-3 biological replicates.

FIG. 9 shows a graph with viability of A549 cells after (a) shRNA or (b) siRNA treatment determined by WST-1 assay. NSi=non-silencing. Error bars represent standard deviation from 2 biological replicates.

FIG. 10 shows a graph with influenza virus replication in shRNA-knockdown A549 cells infected with NY55 at MOI 1. NSi=non-silencing. Error bars represent standard deviation from 2-3 biological replicates.

FIG. 11 shows an analysis of critical nodes within the interaction network of the 31 identified genes, with focus on three unspecified protein complexes.

FIG. 12 shows an analysis of critical nodes within the interaction network of the 31 identified genes, with focus on BAD. Critical nodes are shown in black circle and the direct interacting protein partners of these critical nodes (gene product) are shown in highlighted boxes.

FIG. 13 shows an analysis of critical nodes within the interaction network of the 31 identified genes, with focus on TNFSF12-13/TNFSF13. Critical nodes shown in black circle and the direct interacting protein partners of these critical nodes (gene product) are shown in highlighted boxes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the description that follows, a number of terms are used, the following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of various aspects of the disclosure. Use of examples in the specification, including examples of terms, is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the scope and meaning of the embodiments of the invention herein. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. In the specification, the word “comprising” is used as an open-ended term, substantially equivalent to the phrase “including, but not limited to,” and the word “comprises” has a corresponding meaning.

The present disclosure provides, in part, target host factors. By target host factors is meant a host polypeptide, DNA or RNA that—when inhibited, decreased or otherwise interfered with—reduces virus replication and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity in a host cell infected with the virus. Modulation of the expression level of host factor, or of host factor product activity, prevents and/or ameliorates disease progression. For example, virus replication and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity and/or apoptosis may be affected. Thus, compounds that modulate the expression of a target host factor or the activity of a target host factor may be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and/or prevention of a viral infection. In particular, target host factors in the present disclosure include endogenous genes and gene products and their variants, as described herein.

Viral infections may include for example infections by respiratory viruses, including but not limited to, various types of influenza, such as influenza A, influenza B and numerous other strains of influenza, including seasonal, avian (e.g., H5N1 strains), and swine (e.g., H1N1 strains).

The present disclosure provides compositions that inhibit target host factors, for example nucleic acids, such as polynucleotides. More specifically, it provides siRNAs, such as shRNAs, that inhibit target host factors and are therefore useful in treating virus infection and/or reducing virus replication and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity.

The novel target host factors are, for example, ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and SCG2 (see Table 1). The novel target host factor may be BAD, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, MX2 or USP47. The target host factors may be used as targets for therapy. The target host factors can also can be used to identify compounds useful in the diagnosis, prevention, and/or therapy of virus infection, for example influenza virus infection.

By “reduce,” “reduction”, or “reducing” is meant to destroy, prevent, control, decrease, slow, or otherwise interfere with the production, replication, and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity of a virus by at least about 10% to about 100%, at least about 30% to about 100%, at least about 50% to about 100%, or any value therebetween for example about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% when compared to the production or replication of a virus in the absence of the inhibitor.

“Inhibitors” refers to molecules that inhibit and/or block an identified function. Any molecule or compound having potential to inhibit and/or block an identified function can be a “test molecule” or “test compound”, as described herein. For example, referring to anti-viral function or anti-apoptotic activity by acting on the ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 polypeptide, DNA or RNA such molecules or compounds may be identified using in vitro and in vivo assays of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139 USP47, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2, respectively. Inhibitors are molecules or compounds that partially or totally block ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139 USP47, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A 1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 activity, decrease, prevent, or delay their activation, or desensitize the cellular response. This may be accomplished by binding to ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139 USP47, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 factors directly or via other intermediate molecules. An antagonist or an antibody that blocks ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 activity, including inhibition of pro-viral function or pro-apoptotic activity of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139 USP47, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2, is considered to be such an inhibitor.

TABLE 1 Target host factors Examples of Examples Target host factor Gene RefSeq Numbers of inhibitors of target (Gene Name) ID (mRNA) host factor ABI2 10152 NM_005759 SEQ ID NO 51 ARRDC3 57561 NM_020801 SEQ ID NO 52 BAD 572 NM_004322 SEQ ID NOs 1 to 9 NM_032989 BRCA1 672 NM_007294 SEQ ID NOs 53 to 55 NM_007297 NM_007298 NM_007299 NM_007300 C17orf85 55421 NM_001114118 SEQ ID NO 56 NM_018553 C1orf71 (CNST) 163882 NM_001139459 SEQ ID NO 57 NM_152609 C6orf162 57150 NM_001042493 SEQ ID NO 58 NM_020425 CCNJL 79616 NM_024565 SEQ ID NO 59 CFL1 1072 NM_005507 SEQ ID NO 50 GON4L 54856 NM_001037533 SEQ ID NO 60 NM_032292 HCG 1986447 729324 XR_041499.2 SEQ ID NO 47 HIST1H2AB 8335 NM_003513 SEQ ID NO 61 HPS4 89781 NM_022081 SEQ ID NO 62 NM_152841 LHX8 431707 NM_001001933 SEQ ID NO 63 RPS25 6230 NM_001028 SEQ ID NO 44 RPL23 9349 NM_000978 SEQ ID NO 64 RPL32 6161 NM_000994 SEQ ID NO 65 NM_001007073 LOC730139 730139 XM_001134281.1 SEQ ID NO 67 to 68 LRRC39 127495 NM_144620 SEQ ID NO 69 to 70 MALT1 10892 NM_006785 SEQ ID NO 43 NM_173844 MX1 4599 NM_002462 SEQ ID NO 41 to 42 NM_001144925 MERTK 10461 NM_006343 SEQ ID NO 93 to 95 MX2 4600 NM_002463 SEQ ID NOs 25-29 NRG1 3084 NM_001159995 SEQ ID NO 71 NM_001159996 NM_001159999 NM_001160001 NM_001160002 NM_001160004 NM_001160005 NM_001160007 NM_001160008 NM_004495 NM_013956 NM_013957 NM_013958 NM_013959 NM_013960 NM_013962 NM_013964 OR52A1 23538 NM_012375 SEQ ID NO 72 to 73 PLEKHH1 57475 NM_020715 SEQ ID NO 74 PTPN13 5783 NM_006264 SEQ ID NO 75 NM_080683 NM_080684 NM_080685 PTPRJ 5795 NM_001098503 SEQ ID NO 76 to 77 NM_002843 RLN1 6013 NM_006911 SEQ ID NO 78 RNF19A 25897 NM_015435 SEQ ID NO 79 NM_183419 SH3BP4 23677 NM_014521 SEQ ID NO 45 SLC7A14 57709 NM_020949 SEQ ID NO 80 ST8SIA3 51046 NM_015879 SEQ ID NO 81 to 82 STX3 6809 NM_004177 SEQ ID NO 83 TMC6 11322 NM_001127198 SEQ ID NO 49 NM_007267 TMTC4 84899 NM_001079669 SEQ ID NO 84 to 85 NM_032813 TNFSF12- 407977 NM_172089 SEQ ID NOs 11 to 19 TNFSF13, TNFSF13 8741 NM_003808 SEQ ID NOs 11 to 23 NM_172087 NM_172088 TTN 7273 NM_003319 SEQ ID NO 86 to 87 NM_133378 NM_133379 NM_133432 NM_133437 UBXN7 26043 NM_015562 SEQ ID NO 88 USP47 55031 NM_017944.3 SEQ ID NOs 31 to 40 WNK2 65268 NM_006648 SEQ ID NO 48 YPEL2 388403 NM_001005404 SEQ ID NO 89 to 90 ZNF251 90987 NM_138367 SEQ ID NO 91 to 92 SCG2 7857 NM_003469 SEQ ID NO 96 to 98

Inhibitors may be for example siRNA, RNAi, shRNA, antisense RNA, antisense DNA, decoy molecules, decoy DNA, double stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, complexed DNA, encapsulated DNA, viral DNA, plasmid DNA, naked RNA, encapsulated RNA, viral RNA, double stranded RNA, molecules capable of generating RNA interference, or combinations thereof. The group of inhibitors also includes genetically modified versions of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and SCG2, for example, versions with altered activity. The group thus is inclusive of the naturally occurring protein with altered activity, as well as synthetic ligands, peptide ligands, antagonists, agonists, antibodies, small chemical molecules and the like.

Screening for Inhibitors of Target Host Factors

A “test substance” or “test compound” is a compound or mixture of compounds, whose ability to modulate ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 activity may be defined by various assays. A “test substance” is also referred to as a “candidate drug” or “candidate compound” in the present description.

Test substances may be screened from large libraries of synthetic or natural compounds. Numerous means are currently used for random and directed synthesis of saccharide, peptide, and nucleic acid based compounds. Synthetic compound libraries are commercially available from Maybridge Chemical Co. (Trevillet, Cornwall, UK), Comgenex (Princeton, N.J.), Brandon Associates (Merrimack, N.H.), and Microsource (New Milford, Conn.). A rare chemical library is available from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). Alternatively, libraries of natural compounds in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant and animal extracts are available from, e.g., Pan Laboratories (Bothell, Wash.) or MycoSearch (NC), or are readily producible. Additionally, natural and synthetically produced libraries and compounds are readily modified through conventional chemical, physical, and biochemical means (Blondelle et al., TIBTech, 1996; 14:60).

A modulatory effect may be determined by an in vitro method using a recombinant ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 reporter gene promoter activity system. Reporter genes encode detectable proteins, including, but not limited to, chloramphenicol transferase (CAT), beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP) and derivatives thereof, yellow fluorescent protein and derivatives thereof, alkaline phosphatase, other enzymes that can be adapted to produce a detectable product, and other gene products that can be detected, e.g., immunologically (by immunoassay).

A screen involves detecting a change in the expression of the reporter gene by the host cell when contacted with a test substance. If there is no change in expression of the reporter gene, the test to substance may not be an effective modulator. If reporter gene expression is modified, in particular reduced or eliminated, the test substance has modulated, e.g., inhibited, ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2-mediated gene expression, and is thus a candidate for development as a ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 modulator, for use as inhibitor of virus replication and virus-mediated cytotoxicity. The reporter gene assay system described herein may be used in a high-throughput primary screen for antagonists, or it may be used as a secondary functional screen for candidate compounds identified by a different primary screen, e.g., a binding assay screen that identifies compounds that modulate ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 transcription activity.

Potential drugs may be identified by screening in high-throughput assays, including without limitation cell-based or cell-free assays. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that different types of assays can be used to detect different types of agents. Several methods of automated assays have been developed in recent years so as to permit screening of tens of thousands of compounds in a short period of time. Such high-throughput screening methods are particularly useful when screening for candidates for further testing.

Examples of target host factor modulators include the polynucleotides such as siRNAs. “siRNA” refers to small interfering RNAs, which includes short hairpin RNA (“shRNA”) (Paddison et al., Genes & Dev. 16: 948-958, 2002), that are capable of causing interference (as described herein for RNAi) and can cause post-transcriptional silencing of specific genes in cells, for example, mammalian cells (including human cells) and in the body, for example, mammalian bodies (including humans). The phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) is described and discussed in Bass, Nature, 411:428-29, 2001; Elbashir et al., Nature, 411:494-98, 2001; and Fire et al., Nature, 391:806-11, 1998, wherein methods of making interfering RNA also are discussed. Exemplary siRNAs could have up to 29 bps, 25 bps, 22 bps, 21 bps, 20 bps, 15 bps, 10 bps, 5 bps or any integer thereabout or therebetween.

Expression of selected genes can be suppressed in human cells by transfecting with exogenous, short RNA duplexes (siRNA) where one strand corresponds to a target region of the mRNA of interest (Elbashir et al., Nature, 2001; 411:494-498). Upon entry into the cell, siRNA causes the degradation of single-stranded (ssRNAs) RNAs of with identical or near identical sequences, including endogenous mRNAs. siRNA is more potent than standard anti-sense technology since it acts through a catalytic mechanism. Effective strategies to deliver siRNAs to target cells, for example, include physical or chemical transfection. An alternative strategy uses the endogenous expression of siRNAs by various Pol III promoter expression cassettes that allow transcription of functional siRNAs or their precursors (Scherr et al., Curr. Med. Chem., 2003; 10(3):245-56). Recently, the RNA-polymerase III dependent promoter (H1-RNA promoter) was inserted in the lentiviral genome to drive the expression of a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) against enhanced green fluorescent protein (Abbas-Turki et al., Hum. Gene Ther., 2002; 13(18):2197-201). siRNA can also be delivered in a viral vector derived, e.g., from a lentivirus (Tiscornia et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2003; 100:1844-8).

Target Host Factors and siRNAs

BAD

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, it has been determined that BAD may be a suitable target when looking at inhibition of virus replication or virus-mediated cytotoxicity for example influenza virus.

The present disclosure provides polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a BAD coding region. As used herein a BAD coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 572. Examples of target mRNA encoding a BAD polypeptide are the sequences available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)004322 (SEQ ID NO:10) or NM_(—)032989 (SEQ ID NO: 103).

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a BAD polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:103. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a BAD coding region include SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4. SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, and SEQ ID NO:9.

TABLE 2 Inhibitors of BAD BAD shRNA species SEQ ID NO SEQUENCE V2HS_15289 1 CTCACTACCAAATGTTAAT V2HS_243025 2 CAGTGACCTTCGCTCCACA V2HS_201511 3 GAGTTTGTGGACTCCTTTA V2HS_202976 4 GTGCTCACTACCAAATGTT V2HS_262043 5 GACTTGGACTTGGATGTAA siRNA species SEQ ID NO SEQUENCE J-003870-09 6 GAUCGGAACUUGGGCAGGG J-003870-10 7 CAGAGUUUGAGCCGAGUGA J-003870-11 8 GAGCUCCGGAGGAUGAGUG J-003870-12 9 UUGUGGACUCCUUUAAGAA

TNFSF12-13 (TWE-PRIL)

The present disclosure provides polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a fusion polypeptide encoded by a TNFSF12-13 coding region. As used herein a TNFSF12-13 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 407977. An example of a target mRNA encoding a TNFSF12-13 fusion polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)172089 (SEQ ID NO: 99).

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a TNFSF12-13 fusion polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of SEQ ID NO: 99. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a TNFSF12-13 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12. SEQ ID to NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19.

TABLE 3 Inhibitors of TNFSF12-TNFSF13 TNFSF12- TNFSF13 shRNA SEQ ID (TWE-PRIL) species NO SEQUENCE V2HS_17313 11 GCCGCCCTCTGCTAGGGAA V2HS_17314 12 GATATTCTGAGTGTCATAA V2HS_17316 13 GGTGCCTTCGCAGTCAAAT V2HS_17317 14 GAGACTCTATTCCGATGTA V2HS_17318 15 CTCCAGAGATGTAGCTATT siRNA SEQ ID species NO SEQUENCE J-032530-05 16 GGGCAAGGGCGAAACUUAA J-032530-06 17 GCAGGUGUCUUCCAUUUAC J-032530-07 18 UGACAGAGGUGAUGUGGCA J-032530-08 19 GGAGUUUAUCUGCUGUAUA

TNFSF13 (APRIL)

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a TNFSF13 coding region. As used herein a TNFSF13 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed for example under GeneID: 8741. Several splice variants of the TNFSF13 coding region are expressed and encode polypeptides including a TNFSF13 alpha polypeptide, a TNFSF13 beta polypeptide, and a TNFSF13 gamma polypeptide.

An example of a target mRNA encoding a TNFSF13 alpha polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)003808 (SEQ ID NO: 100). An example of a target mRNA encoding a TNFSF13 beta polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)172087 (SEQ ID NO:101). An example of a target mRNA encoding a TNFSF13 gamma polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)172088 (SEQ ID NO: 102).

A preferred target mRNA includes a sequence that is present in all three splice variants. Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a TNFSF13 alpha polypeptide, a TNFSF13 beta polypeptide, and a TNFSF13 gamma polypeptide include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of SEQ ID NO: 100.

Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a TNFSF13 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO: 23.

TABLE 4 Inhibitors of TNFSF13 (APRIL) TNFSF13 shRNA SEQ ID (APRIL) species NO SEQUENCE V2HS_17313 11 GCCGCCCTCTGCTAGGGAA V2HS_17314 12 GATATTCTGAGTGTCATAA V2HS_17316 13 GGTGCCTTCGCAGTCAAAT V2HS_17317 14 GAGACTCTATTCCGATGTA V2HS_17318 15 CTCCAGAGATGTAGCTATT siRNA SEQ ID species NO SEQUENCE J-032530-05 16 GGGCAAGGGCGAAACUUAA J-032530-06 17 GCAGGUGUCUUCCAUUUAC J-032530-07 18 UGACAGAGGUGAUGUGGCA J-032530-08 19 GGAGUUUAUCUGCUGUAUA J-011523-05 20 GGGCAAGGGCGAAACUUAA J-011523-06 21 GCAGGUGUCUUCCAUUUAC J-011523-07 22 UGACAGAGGUGAUGUGGCA J-011523-08 23 GGAGUUUAUCUGCUGUAUA

MX2

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a MX2 coding region. As used herein a MX2 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 4600. An example of a target mRNA encoding a MX2 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)002463 (SEQ ID NO: 24).

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a MX2 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of SEQ ID NO: 24. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a MX2 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27. SEQ ID NO: 28 and SEQ ID NO: 29.

TABLE 5 Inhibitors of MX2 MX2 shRNA species SEQ ID NO SEQUENCE V2HS_152031 25 GACAAGATGTTCTTTCTAA siRNA species SEQ ID NO SEQUENCE J-011736-05 26 GAGCACGAUUGAAGACAUA J-011736-06 27 GGAGAAUGAGACCCGUUUA J-011736-07 28 GAAUUUACCGGCUCACUCA J-011736-08 29 GGGACGCCUUCACAGAAUA

USP47

The present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a USP47 coding region. As used herein a USP47 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 55031. An example of a target mRNA encoding a USP47 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)017944.3 (SEQ ID NO: 30).

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a USP47 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of SEQ ID NO:30. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a USP47 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33. SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39 and SEQ ID NO: 40.

TABLE 6 Inhibitor of USP 47 USP47 shRNA species SEQ ID NO SEQUENCE V2HS_174637 31 GAATCTGTCTTGAAACCAA V2HS_174639 32 CGCAATACATGCAAGATAA V2HS_174641 33 GGATTCCTTTGGATGATAT V2HS_174642 34 GATTTAGACTGGAATCCTA V2HS_218228 35 CAATGACTTGCTATTTGAA V2HS_174640 40 CTTATAAGATGATGGATTT shRNA species SEQ ID NO SEQUENCE J-006093-05 36 GCAACGAUUUCUCCAAUGA J-006093-06 37 CAACAUGUCAGCAGGAUAA J-006093-07 38 GCUGUCGCCUUGUUAAAUA J-006093-08 39 CGCAAUACAUGCAAGAUAA

MX1

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a MX1 coding region. As used herein a MX1 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 4599. An example of a target mRNA encoding a MX1 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)002462 and NM_(—)001144925.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a MX1 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)002462 or NM_(—)001144925. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a MX1 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 42.

MALT1

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a MALT1 coding region. As used herein a MALT1 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 10892. An example of a target mRNA encoding a MALT1 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)006785 or NM_(—)173844.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a MALT1 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)006785 or NM_(—)173844. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a MALT1 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 43.

RPS25

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a RPS25 coding region. As used herein a RPS25 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 6230. An example of a target mRNA encoding a RPS25 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)001028.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a RPS25 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001028. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a RPS25 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 44.

SH3BP4

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a SH3BP4 coding region. As used herein a SH3BP4 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 23677. An example of a target mRNA encoding a SH3BP4 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)014521.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a SH3BP4 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)014521. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a SH3BP4 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 45.

HCG 1986447

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a HCG 1986447 coding region. As used herein a HCG 1986447 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 729324. An example of a target mRNA encoding a HCG 1986447 polypeptide is the sequence available at SEQ ID NO: 46.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a HCG 1986447 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of SEQ ID NO: 46. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a HCG 1986447 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 47.

WNK2

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a WNK2 coding region. As used herein a WNK2 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 65268. An example of a target mRNA encoding a WNK2 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)006648.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a WNK2 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of to NM_(—)006648. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a WNK2 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 48.

TMC6

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a TMC6 coding region. As used herein a TMC6 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 11322. An example of a target mRNA encoding a TMC6 polypeptide are the sequences available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)001127198 and NM_(—)007267.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a TMC6 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001127198 or NM_(—)007267. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a TMC6 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 49.

CFL1

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a CFL1 coding region. As used herein a CFL1 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 1072. An example of a target mRNA encoding a CFL1 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)005507.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a CFL1 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)005507. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a CFL1 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 50.

ABI2

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a ABI2 coding region. As used herein a ABI2 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 10152. An example of a target mRNA encoding a ABI2 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)005759.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a ABI2 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)005759. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a ABI2 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 51.

ARRDC3

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a ARRDC3 coding region. As used herein a ARRDC3 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 57561. An example of a target mRNA encoding a ARRDC3 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)020801.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a ARRDC3 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)020801. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a ARRDC3 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 52.

BRCA1

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a BRCA1 coding region. As used herein a BRCA1 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 672. An example of a target mRNA encoding a BRCA1 polypeptide are the sequence available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)007294, NM_(—)007297, NM_(—)007298, NM_(—)007299 and NM_(—)007300.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a BRCA1 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)007294, NM_(—)007297, NM_(—)007298, NM_(—)007299 or NM_(—)007300. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a BRCA1 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 53, SEQ ID NO: 54 and SEQ ID NO: 55.

C17orf85

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a C17orf85 coding region. As used herein a C17orf85 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 55421. An example of a target mRNA encoding a C17orf85 polypeptide are the sequences available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)001114118 and NM_(—)018553.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a C17orf85 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001114118 or NM_(—)018553. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a C17orf85 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 56.

C1orf71 (CNST)

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a C1orf71 coding region. As used herein a C1orf71 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 163882. An example of a target mRNA encoding a C1orf71 polypeptide are the sequences available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)001139459 and NM_(—)152609.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a C1orf71 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001139459 or NM_(—)152609. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a C1orf71 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 57.

C6orf162

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a C6orf162 coding region. As used herein a C6orf162 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 57150. An example of a target mRNA encoding a C6orf162 polypeptide are the sequences available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)001042493 and NM_(—)020425.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a C6orf162 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001042493 or NM_(—)020425. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a C6orf162 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 58.

CCNJL

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a CCNJL coding region. As used herein a CCNJL coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 79616. An example of a target mRNA encoding a CCNJL polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)024565.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a CCNJL polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)024565. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a CCNJL coding region include SEQ ID NO: 59.

GON4L

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a GON4L coding region. As used herein a GON4L coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 54856. An example of a target mRNA encoding a GON4L polypeptide are the sequences available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)001037533 and NM_(—)032292.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a GON4L polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001037533 or NM_(—)032292. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a GON4L coding region include SEQ ID NO: 60.

HIST1H2AB

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a HIST1H2AB coding region. As used herein a HIST1H2AB coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 8335. An example of a target mRNA encoding a HIST1H2AB polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)003513.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a HIST1H2AB polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)003513. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a HIST1H2AB coding region include SEQ ID NO: 61.

HPS4

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a HPS4 coding region. As used herein a HPS4 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 89781. An example of a target mRNA encoding a HPS4 polypeptide are the sequences available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)022081 and NM_(—)152841.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a HPS4 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)022081 or NM_(—)152841. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a HPS4 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 62.

LHX8

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a LHX8 coding region. As used herein a LHX8 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 431707. An example of a target mRNA encoding a LHX8 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)001001933.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a LHX8 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001001933. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a LHX8 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 63.

RPL23

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a RPL23 coding region. As used herein a RPL23 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 9349. An example of a target mRNA encoding a RPL23 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)000978.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a RPL23 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)000978. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a RPL23 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 64.

RPL32

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a RPL32 coding region. As used herein a RPL32 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 6161. An example of a target mRNA encoding a RPL32 polypeptide are the sequences available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)000994 and NM_(—)001007073.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a RPL32 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)000994 or NM_(—)001007073. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a RPL32 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 65.

LOC730139

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a LOC730139 coding region. As used herein a LOC730139 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 730139. An example of a target mRNA encoding a LOC730139 polypeptide is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a LOC730139 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of SEQ ID NO: 66. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a LOC730139 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 67 and SEQ ID NO: 68.

LRRC39

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a LRRC39 coding region. As used herein a LRRC39 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 127495. An example of a target mRNA encoding a LRRC39 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)144620.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a LRRC39 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)144620. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a LRRC39 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 69 and SEQ ID NO: 70.

NRG1

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a NRG1 coding region. As used herein a NRG1 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 3084. An example of a target mRNA encoding a NRG1 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)001159995, NM_(—)001159996, NM_(—)001159999, NM_(—)001160001, NM_(—)001160002, NM_(—)001160004, NM_(—)001160005, NM_(—)001160007, NM_(—)001160008, NM_(—)004495, NM_(—)013956, NM_(—)013957, NM_(—)013958, NM_(—)013959, NM_(—)013960, NM_(—)013962 and NM_(—)013964.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a NRG1 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001159995, NM_(—)001159996, NM_(—)001159999, NM_(—)001160001, NM_(—)001160002, NM_(—)001160004, NM_(—)001160005, NM_(—)001160007, NM_(—)001160008, NM_(—)004495, NM_(—)013956, NM_(—)013957, NM_(—)013958, NM_(—)013959, NM_(—)013960, NM_(—)013962 or NM_(—)013964. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a NRG1 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 71.

OR52A1

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a OR52A1 coding region. As used herein a OR52A1 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 23538. An example of a target mRNA encoding a OR52A1 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)012375.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a OR52A 1 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)012375. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a OR52A1 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 72 and SEQ ID NO: 73.

PLEKHH1

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a PLEKHH1 coding region. As used herein a PLEKHH1 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 57475. An example of a target mRNA encoding a PLEKHH1 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)020715.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a PLEKHH1 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)020715. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a PLEKHH1 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 74.

PTPN13

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a PTPN13 coding region. As used herein a PTPN13 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 5783. An example of a target mRNA encoding a PTPN13 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)006264, NM_(—)080683, NM_(—)080684 and NM_(—)080685.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a PTPN13 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)006264, NM_(—)080683, NM_(—)080684 or NM_(—)080685. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a PTPN13 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 75.

PTPRJ

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a PTPRJ coding region. As used herein a PTPRJ coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 5795. An example of a target mRNA encoding a PTPRJ polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)001098503 and NM_(—)002843.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a PTPRJ polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001098503 or NM_(—)002843. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a PTPN13 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 76 and SEQ ID NO: 77.

RLN1

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a RLN1 coding region. As used herein a RLN1 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 6013. An example of a target mRNA encoding a RLN1 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)006911.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a RLN1 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)006911. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a RLN1 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 78.

RNF19A

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a RNF19A coding region. As used herein a RNF19A coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 25897. An example of a target mRNA encoding a RNF19A polypeptide are the sequence available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)015435 and NM_(—)183419.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a RNF19A polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)015435 or NM_(—)183419. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a RLN1 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 79.

SLC7A 14

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a SLC7A14 coding region. As used herein a SLC7A14 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 57709. An example of a target mRNA encoding a SLC7A14 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)020949.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a SLC7A14 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)020949. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a SLC7A14 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 80.

ST8SL43

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a ST8SIA3 coding region. As used herein a ST8SIA3 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 51046. An example of a target mRNA encoding a ST8SIA3 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)015879.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a ST8SIA3 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)015879. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a SLC7A14 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 81 and SEQ ID NO: 82.

TMTC4

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a TMTC4 coding region. As used herein a TMTC4 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 84899. An example of a target mRNA encoding a TMTC4 polypeptide are the sequences available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)001079669 and NM_(—)032813.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a TMTC4 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001079669 or NM_(—)032813. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a TMTC4 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 84 and SEQ ID NO: 85.

TTN

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a TTN coding region. As used herein a TTN coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 7273. An example of a target mRNA encoding a TTN polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession numbers NM_(—)003319, NM_(—)133378, NM_(—)133379, NM_(—)133432 and NM_(—)133437.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a TTN polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)003319, NM_(—)133378, NM_(—)133379, NM_(—)133432 or NM_(—)133437. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a TTN coding region include SEQ ID NO: 86 and SEQ ID NO: 87.

UBXN7

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a UBXN7 coding region. As used herein a UBXN7 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 26043. An example of a target mRNA encoding a UBXN7 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)015562.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a UBXN7 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)015562. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a UBXN7 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 88.

YPEL2

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a YPEL2 coding region. As used herein a YPEL2 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 388403. An example of a target mRNA encoding a YPEL2 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)001005404.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a YPEL2 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)001005404. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a YPEL2 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 89 and SEQ ID NO: 90.

ZNF251

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a ZNF251 coding region. As used herein a ZNF251 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 90987. An example of a target mRNA encoding a ZNF251 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)138367.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a ZNF251 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)138367. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a ZNF251 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 91 and SEQ ID NO: 92.

MERTK

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a MERTK coding region. As used herein a MERTK coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 10461. An example of a target mRNA encoding a MERTK polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)006343.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a MERTK polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)006343. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a MERTK coding region include SEQ ID NO: 93, SEQ ID NO: 94 and SEQ ID NO: 95.

SCG2

In another aspect, the present disclosure includes polynucleotides that inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a SCG2 coding region. As used herein a SCG2 coding region refers to the genomic nucleotide sequence disclosed under GeneID: 7857. An example of a target mRNA encoding a SCG2 polypeptide is the sequence available at Genbank accession number NM_(—)003469.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure that will act to inhibit expression of a SCG2 polypeptide, include polynucleotides with a sense strand that is substantially identical or identical to a region of NM_(—)003469. Examples of such polynucleotides that will act to inhibit expression of a polypeptide encoded by a SCG2 coding region include SEQ ID NO: 96, SEQ ID NO: 97 and SEQ ID NO: 98.

A person skilled in the art will appreciate that other polynucleotides can be designed to inhibit the target host factor polypeptides. Methods for designing such molecules are known in the art. For instance, polynucleotides that inhibit the expression of one of the polypeptides described herein may be identified by the use of cell lines including, but not limited to, HT29 and KM20. A candidate polynucleotide is the polynucleotide that is being tested to determine if it decreases expression of one of the polypeptides described herein. The candidate polynucleotide can be identical to nucleotides located in the region encoding the polypeptide, or located in the 5′ or 3′ untranslated regions of the mRNA. Other methods are known in the art and used for designing and selecting candidate polynucleotides. Candidate polynucleotides are typically screened using publicly available algorithms (e.g., BLAST) to compare the candidate polynucleotide sequences with coding sequences. Those that are likely to form a duplex with an mRNA expressed by a non-target coding region are typically eliminated from further consideration. The remaining candidate polynucleotides may then be tested to determine if they inhibit expression of one of the polypeptides described herein.

In general, candidate polynucleotides are individually tested by introducing a candidate polynucleotide into a cell that expresses the appropriate polypeptide. The candidate polynucleotides may be prepared in vitro and then introduced into a cell. Methods for in vitro synthesis include, for instance, chemical synthesis with a conventional DNA/RNA synthesizer. Commercial suppliers of synthetic polynucleotides and reagents for such synthesis are well known. Methods for in vitro synthesis also include, for instance, in vitro transcription using a circular or linear vector in a cell free system.

When evaluating whether a candidate polynucleotide functions to inhibit expression of one of the polypeptides described herein, the amount of target mRNA in a cell containing a candidate polynucleotide can be measured and compared to the same type of cell that does not contain the candidate polynucleotide. Methods for measuring mRNA levels in a cell are known in the art. Such methods include quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Primers and specific conditions for amplification of an mRNA vary depending upon the mRNA, and can be readily determined by the skilled person. Other methods include, for instance, Northern blotting, and array analysis.

Other methods for evaluating whether a candidate polynucleotide function is to inhibit expression of one of the polypeptides described herein include monitoring the polypeptide. For instance, assays can be used to measure a decrease in the amount of polypeptide encoded by the mRNA, or to measure a decrease in the activity of the polypeptide encoded by the mRNA. Methods for measuring a decrease in the amount of a polypeptide include assaying for the polypeptide present in cells containing a candidate polynucleotide and comparing to the same type of cell that does not contain the candidate polynucleotide. For instance, antibody to one of the polypeptides described herein can be used in Western immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, or immunohistochemistry.

Methods for measuring a decrease in the activity of one of the polypeptides, ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2, vary depending upon the polypeptide. In general, methods for measuring a decrease in the activity of a polypeptide include assaying the appropriate activity present in a cell containing a candidate polynucleotide and comparing to the same type of cell that does not contain the candidate polynucleotide. Methods for measuring the activity of a ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 polypeptide are known in the art.

A candidate polynucleotide that is able to decrease the expression of a polypeptide encoded by a ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF25 or SCG2 coding region, a polypeptide encoded by a ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 coding region, or a target mRNA by at least 80%, or at least 90%, or up to 100%, is considered to be a polynucleotide of the present disclosure.

An inhibiting polynucleotide of the present disclosure can be present in a vector. A vector is a replicating polynucleotide, such as a plasmid, phage, or cosmid, to which another polynucleotide may be attached so as to bring about the replication of the attached polynucleotide. Construction of vectors containing a polynucleotide employs standard ligation techniques known in the art. See, e.g., Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989). A vector can provide for further cloning (amplification of the polynucleotide), i.e., a cloning vector, or for expression of the polynucleotide, i.e., an expression vector. The term vector includes, but is not limited to, plasmid vectors, viral vectors, cosmid vectors, or artificial chromosome vectors. Examples of viral vectors include, for instance, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, lentiviral vectors, retroviral vectors, and herpes virus vectors. A vector may result in integration into a cell's genomic DNA. Typically, a vector is capable of replication in a bacterial host, for instance E. coli. Preferably the vector is a plasmid. A polynucleotide of the present disclosure can be present in a vector as two separate complementary polynucleotides, each of which can be expressed to yield a sense and an antisense strand of a dsRNA, or as a single polynucleotide containing a sense strand, a loop region, and an antisense strand, which can be expressed to yield an RNA polynucleotide having a sense and an antisense strand of the dsRNA.

Selection of a vector depends upon a variety of desired characteristics in the resulting construct, such as a selection marker, vector replication rate, and the like. Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the vectors herein are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Suitable eukaryotic cells include mammalian cells, such as murine cells and human cells. Suitable prokaryotic cells include eubacteria, such as gram-negative organisms, for example, E. coli.

An expression vector optionally includes regulatory sequences operably linked to the polynucleotide of the present disclosure. Typically, the promoter results in the production of an RNA polynucleotide. Examples of such promoters include, but are not limited to, those that cause binding of an RNA polymerase III complex to initiate transcription of an operably linked polynucleotide of the present disclosure. Examples of such promoters include U6 and H1 promoters. Vectors may also include inducible or regulatable promoters for expression of a polynucleotide of the present disclosure in a particular tissue or intracellular environment. The polynucleotide of the present disclosure also typically includes a transcription terminator. Suitable transcription terminators are known in the art and include, for instance, a stretch of 5 consecutive thymidine nucleotides.

Polynucleotides of the present disclosure can be produced in vitro or in vivo. For instance, methods for in vitro synthesis include, but are not limited to, chemical synthesis with a conventional DNA/RNA synthesizer. Commercial suppliers of synthetic polynucleotides and reagents for such synthesis are well known. Methods for in vitro synthesis also include, for instance, in vitro transcription using a circular or linear expression vector in a cell free system. Expression vectors can also be used to produce a polynucleotide of the present disclosure in a cell, and the polynucleotide then isolated from the cell.

The present disclosure is further directed to methods of treating viral infection and virus-mediated cytotoxicity by inhibiting the target host factors of the present disclosure.

RNAi, antisense, ribozyme and other nucleic acid therapeutics can be used to inhibit expression of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 or a combination thereof in patients suffering from virus infection. For example, a ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 antisense strand (either RNA or DNA) may be directly introduced into the cells in a form that is capable of binding to the mRNA transcripts. Alternatively, a vector containing a sequence which once within the target cells, is transcribed into the appropriate antisense mRNA, may be administered. Antisense nucleic acids which hybridize to target mRNA decrease or inhibit production of the polypeptide product encoded by a gene by associating with the normally single-stranded mRNA transcript, thereby interfering with translation and thus, expression of the protein. For example, DNA containing a promoter, e.g., a tissue-specific is operably linked to a DNA sequence (an antisense template), which is transcribed into an antisense RNA. By “operably linked” is meant that a coding sequence and a regulatory sequence(s) (i.e., a promoter) are connected in such a way as to permit gene expression when the appropriate molecules (e.g., transcriptional activator proteins) are bound to the regulatory sequence(s).

Oligonucleotides complementary to various portions of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 can be determined in vitro for their ability to decrease production of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 in human cells according to standard methods. A reduction in ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 gene product in cells contacted with the candidate antisense composition compared to cells cultured in the absence of the candidate composition is detected using ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2-specific antibodies or other detection strategies. Sequences which decrease production of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 in vitro cell-based or cell-free assays are then be tested in vivo in rats or mice to confirm decreased ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 production in animals with virus infection.

Antisense therapy may be carried out by administering to a patient an antisense nucleic acid by standard vectors and/or gene delivery systems. Suitable gene delivery systems may include liposomes, polymers, receptor-mediated delivery systems, naked DNA, and viral vectors such as herpes viruses, retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses, among others. A therapeutic nucleic acid composition is formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The therapeutic composition may also include a gene delivery system as described above.

The present disclosure is also directed to compositions including one or more inhibitors of the target host factor polypeptide of the present disclosure. Such compositions typically include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes saline, solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Additional active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are biologically compatible vehicles which are suitable for administration to an animal: e.g., physiological saline. A therapeutically effective amount of a compound is an amount which is capable of producing a medically desirable result such as reduced production of a ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2 gene product in a treated animal.

Parenteral administration, such as intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal delivery routes, may be used to deliver nucleic acids or ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 or SCG2-inhibitory peptides on non-peptide compounds. Liposome formulations of therapeutic compounds may also facilitate activity.

Dosages for any one patient depends upon many factors, including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular nucleic acid to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently.

A list of sequence identification numbers of the present disclosure is given in Table 7.

TABLE 7 List of Sequence Identification numbers. SEQ ID NO: Description Table/Figure 1 BAD shRNA V2HS_15289 Table 2 and 8A 2 BAD shRNA V2HS_243025 Table 2 and 8A 3 BAD shRNA V2HS_201511 Table 2 and 8A 4 BAD shRNA V2HS_202976 Table 2 and 8A 5 BAD shRNA V2HS_262043 Table 2 and 8A 6 BAD siRNA J-003870-09 Table 2 7 BAD siRNA J-003870-10 Table 2 8 BAD siRNA J-003870-11 Table 2 9 BAD siRNA J-003870-12 Table 2 10 BAD transcript variant 1 (NM_004322.3) FIG. 1A 11 TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13 shRNA Table 3 and 8A V2HS_17313 12 TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13 shRNA Table 3 and 8A V2HS_17314 13 TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13 shRNA Table 3 and 8A V2HS_17316 14 TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13 shRNA Table 3 and 8A V2HS_17317 15 TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13 shRNA Table 3 and 8A V2HS_17318 16 TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13 siRNA Table 3 J-032530-05 17 TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13 siRNA Table 3 J-032530-06 18 TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13 siRNA Table 3 J-032530-07 19 TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13 siRNA Table 3 J-032530-08 20 TNFSF12-TNFSF13 siRNA J-011523-05 Table 4 21 TNFSF12-TNFSF13 siRNA J-011523-06 Table 4 22 TNFSF12-TNFSF13 siRNA J-011523-07 Table 4 23 TNFSF12-TNFSF13 siRNA J-011523-08 Table 4 24 MX2 transcript FIG. 1C 25 MX2 shRNA V2HS_152031 Table 5 and 8A 26 MX2 siRNA J-011736-05 Table 5 27 MX2 siRNA J-011736-06 Table 5 28 MX2 siRNA J-011736-07 Table 5 29 MX2 siRNA J-011736-08 Table 5 30 USP 47 transcript FIG. 1D 31 USP47 shRNA V2HS_174637 Table 6 and 8A 32 USP47 shRNA V2HS_174639 Table 6 and 8A 33 USP47 shRNAV2HS_174641 Table 6 and 8A 34 USP47 shRNA V2HS_174642 Table 6 and 8A 35 USP47 shRNA V2HS_218228 Table 6 and 8A 36 USP47 siRNA J-006093-05 Table 6 and 8A 37 USP47 siRNA J-006093-06 Table 6 and 8A 38 USP47 siRNA J-006093-07 Table 6 and 8A 39 USP47 siRNA J-006093-08 Table 6 and 8A 40 USP47 shRNA V2HS-174640 Table 6 and 8A 41 MX1 shRNA V2HS_152026 Table 8A 42 MX1 shRNA V2HS_152028 Table 8A 43 MALT1 shRNA V2HS_84222 Table 8A 44 RPS25 shRNA V2HS_93855 Table 8A 45 SH3BP4 shRNA V2HS_260346 Table 8A 46 HCG 1986447 transcript FIG. 1E 47 HCG 1986447 shRNA V2HS_29650 Table 8A 48 WNK2 shRNA V2HS_238923 Table 8A 49 TMC6 shRNA V2HS_198493 Table 8A 50 CFL1 shRNA V2HS_64314 Table 8A 51 ABI2 shRNA V2HS_196634 Table 8A 52 ARRDC3 shRNA V2HS_217697 Table 8A 53 BRCA1 shRNA V2HS_254648 Table 8A 54 BRCA1 shRNA V2HS_280394 Table 8A 55 BRCA1 shRNA V2HS_255064 Table 8A 56 C17orf85 shRNA V2HS_176062 Table 8A 57 C1orf71 shRNA V2HS_44617 Table 8A 58 C6orf162 shRNA V2HS_35766 Table 8A 59 CCNJL shRNA V2HS_136349 Table 8A 60 GON4L shRNA V2HS_138350 Table 8A 61 HIST1H2AB shRNA V2HS_33954 Table 8A 62 HPS4 shRNA V2HS_70495 Table 8A 63 LHX8 shRNA V2HS_75780 Table 8A 64 RPL23 shRNA V2HS_23046 Table 8A 65 RPL32 shRNA V2HS_165267 Table 8A 66 LOC730139 transcript FIG. 1F 67 LOC730139 shRNA V2HS_25169 Table 8A 68 LOC730139 shRNA V2HS_25168 Table 8A 69 LRRC39 shRNA V2HS_18852 Table 8A 70 LRRC39 shRNA V2HS_18851 Table 8A 71 NRG1 shRNA V2HS_84939 Table 8A 72 OR52A1 shRNA V2HS_244561 Table 8A 73 OR52A1 shRNA V2HS_49243 Table 8A 74 PLEKHH1 shRNA V2HS_46786 Table 8A 75 PTPN13 shRNA V2HS_57273 Table 8A 76 PTPRJ shRNA V2HS_91546 Table 8A 77 PTPRJ shRNA V2HS_171000 Table 8A 78 RLN1 shRNA V2HS_94799 Table 8A 79 RNF19A shRNA V2HS_96523 Table 8A 80 SLC7A14 shRNA V2HS_57109 Table 8A 81 ST8SIA3 shRNA V2HS_114878 Table 8A 82 ST8SIA3 shRNA V2HS_114879 Table 8A 83 STX3 shRNA V2HS_33937 Table 8A 84 TMTC4 shRNA V2HS_177667 Table 8A 85 TMTC4 shRNA V2HS_275500 Table 8A 86 TTN shRNA V2HS_171633 Table 8A 87 TTN shRNA V2HS_171637 Table 8A 88 UBXN7 shRNA V2HS_130208 Table 8A 89 YPEL2 shRNA V2HS_77698 Table 8A 90 YPEL2 shRNA V2HS_77701 Table 8A 91 ZNF251 shRNA V2HS_250202 Table 8A 92 ZNF251 shRNA V2HS_215547 Table 8A 93 MERTK shRNA V2HS_1643 Table 8B 94 MERTK shRNA V2HS_168768 Table 8B 95 MERTK shRNA V2HS_197158 Table 8B 96 SCG2 shRNA V2HS_172404 Table 8B 97 SCG2 shRNA V2HS_172401 Table 8B 98 SCG2 shRNA V2HS_172400 Table 8B 99 TNFSF12-TNFSF13 transcript FIG. 1G 100 TNFSF13 transcript variant alpha FIG. 1H 101 TNFSF13 transcript variant beta FIG. 1I 102 TNFSF13 transcript variant gamma FIG. 1J 103 BAD transcript variant 2 (NM_032989) FIG. 1B

The present invention will be further illustrated in the following examples. However it is to be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only, and should not be used to limit the scope of the present invention in any manner.

Example 1

Drosophila-based screens' have been used to identify genes involved in influenza replication, and two very recent studies employed genome-wide siRNA arrays to identify mammalian host proteins involved in various stages of the influenza virus lifecycle.^(6,7) Severe influenza pathology has been seen with pandemic 1918 virus⁸ and SOIV-infected patient lung pathology showed alveolar damage and hemorrhage suggestive of atypical immune responses.⁹ Studies in pigtailed macaques reported that the activation of apoptotic pathways may contribute to tissue damage during infection¹⁰.

Human genes (target host factors) required for viral replication and cytotoxicity were identified. Interference with these proteins provided a basis for inhibiting viral production while protecting infected cells from virus-induced death.

Multiple genome-wide lentiviral-based shRNAmir screens consistently identified 35 annotated candidate genes associated with cell survival despite infection (see Table 1). Initial analysis of 4 candidate genes (BAD, INFSF12-13/INFSF13, MX2, and USP47), using lentiviral-based and synthetic RNAi silencing confirmed protective roles with dramatic inhibition of virus replication after challenge with influenza viruses of multiple H and N types, including the contemporary pandemic swine-origin H1N1 virus.

High Throughput Genome-Wide Screens

The availability of human genome-wide lentiviral-based shRNAi (short hairpin RNA interference) libraries provides the ability to identify host genes important in influenza pathology. RNAi regulates gene expression through sequence-specific mRNA targeting, and genome-wide RNAi screens produce genome-wide loss-of-function phenotypes.¹¹ This allows for a system-level understanding of the host cellular processes and comprehensive identification of molecular components underlying influenza pathogenicity. The lentiviral-based Decode™ RNAi library (Open Biosystems), consisting of 7 pools, each with ˜10,000 shRNAmir constructs, was used to establish stably transduced genome-wide knockdown of every host gene in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells (FIG. 2). Cells were transduced at an MOI of 0.3, which allowed 100-fold coverage of each clone and reduced the risk of any single cell being multiply transduced to less than 4% of the cell population. The transduced cells were then infected with influenza virus strain A/New York/55/2004(H3N2) (NY55) at an MOI of 7 PFU/cell to ensure >99% of cells were initially infected (FIG. 2). Illumina®-mediated high throughput sequencing of all 7 pools was then individually performed on two independent biological replicate screens of surviving transduced, infected cells. The combined high throughput genome-wide screens identified more than 1000 potential targets (FIG. 3). 35 genes were identified in both trials (FIG. 3), knockdown of which provided protection against influenza A/NY/55/2005 infection. Many of these genes' ontological functions are shown in FIG. 4-6 and discussed below. Of the 35 genes found in both high-throughput screens (FIG. 3), 4 genes—BAD, INFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13, MX2, and USP47—appeared at 100- to 1000-fold higher frequencies during Illumina® high-throughput sequencing than did most of the other genes (Table 8). BAD, TNFSF12-TNFSF13/INFSF13, MX2, and USP47 genes were also identified in a preliminary manual screen of 2 library pools in which transduced cell clones that survived NY55 infection were individually isolated, amplified (which demonstrated each survived long-term transduction and infection), and sequenced to identify the shRNA insert.

TABLE 8-A Genes detected in both high-throughput genomic screens # Tri- # Oligo SEQ ID Gene als Pools ID Sense Sequence NO Description Count BAD 2 4 V2HS_243025 CAGTGACCTTCGCTCCACA 2 BCL2-associated agonist of 343116 V2HS_201511 GAGTTTGTGGACTCCTTTA 3 cell death 31 V2HS_262043 GACTTGGACTTGGATGTAA 5 31 V2HS_15289 CTCACTACCAAATGTTAAT 1 30 V2HS_202976 GTGCTCACTACCAAATGTT 4 1 MX2 2 1 V2HS_152031 GACAAGATGTTCTTTCTAA 25 Myxovirus (influenza virus) 16774 resistance 2 TNFSF12- 2 5 V2HS_17314 GATATTCTGAGTGTCATAA 12 Tumor necrosis factor (ligand)  766 TNFSF13, V2HS_17318 CTCCAGAGATGTAGCTATT 15 superfamily, member 13; 306 TNFSF13 V2HS_17313 GCCGCCCTCTGCTAGGGAA 11 TNFST12-TNFSF-13 164 V2HS_17317 GAGACTCTATTCCGATGTA 14 readthrough transcript 86 V2HS_17316 GGTGCCTTCGCAGTCAAAT 13 75 USP47 2 6 V2HS_174637 GAATCTGTCTTGAAACCAA 31 Ubiquitin specific peptidase 47 1110 V2HS_174640 CTTATAAGATGATGGATTT 40 269 V2HS_174642 GATTTAGACTGGAATCCTA 34 59 V2HS_218228 CAATGACTTGCTATTTGAA 35 39 V2HS_174641 GGATTCCTTTGGATGATAT 33 10 V2HS_174639 CGCAATACATGCAAGATAA 32 5 MX1 2 2 V2HS_152026 CTCATCACACATATCTGTA 41 Myxovirus (influenza virus) 1952 V2HS_152028 CTGCCAGGCTTTGTGAATT 42 resistance 1, interferon- inducible protein p78 178 MALT1 2 1 V2HS_84222 CCAATATTGTGTTTGGATA 43 Mucosa associated lymphoid 323 tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 RPS25 2 1 V2HS_93855 CTTAGTAAAGGACTTATCA 44 Ribosomal protein S25; 173 (LOC100131196) similar to hCG1640659 SH3BP4 2 1 V2HS_260346 CTTTCTATTTGTTAAGTAT 45 SH3-domain binding protein 4 99 hCG1986447 2 1 V2HS_29650 GTGCTTTATTCAAATCTAA 47 HCG1986447 40 WNK2 2 1 V2HS_238923 GTCTGAGAGAGTGACCTAT 48 WNK lysine deficient 33 protein kinase 2 TMC6 2 1 V2HS_198493 GGGACTCTATTTATTCTGA 49 Transmembrane channel-like 6 24 CFL1 2 1 V2HS_64314 CCCTCTATGATGCAACCTA 50 Cofilin 1 (non-muscle) 8 ABI2 2 1 V2HS_196634 ACCAGTTCGTTATATTAGA 51 Abl interactor 2 3 ARRDC3 2 1 V2HS_217697 GGCCTTGGCTACTACCAGT 52 Arrestin domain containing 3 2 BRCA1 2 3 V2HS_254648 CACAAAGTGTGACCACATA 53 Breast cancer 1, early onset 1 V2HS_280394 GATCGATTATGTGACTTAA 54 1 V2HS_255064 CCCTTTCACCCATACACAT 55 1 C17orf85 2 1 V2HS_176062 CCGATACTCGGGAGAAGAA 56 Chromosome 17 open reading 2 frame 85 C1orf7l 2 1 V2HS_44617 CGGAGGAACTCTGTTAGAA 57 Chromosome 1, open reading 2 frame 71 C6orf162 2 1 V2HS_35766 GTGTTCTTATAGTTATTTA 58 Chromosome 6, open reading 2 frame 62 CCNJL 2 1 V2HS_136349 CTCAGCACGTGTATTGAAA 59 Cyclin J-like 2 GON4L 2 1 V2HS_138350 CAGGTGAGAGCTGGAGAAT 60 Gon-4-like (C. elegans) 2 HIST1H2AB 2 1 V2HS_33954 CATCATAAGGCCAAGGGAA 61 Histone cluster 1, H2ab 2 HPS4 2 1 V2HS_70495 GCCTATCCGTGTATATGGA 62 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 4 2 LHX8 2 1 V2HS_75780 ACCATTCTGAGTTTATTAA 63 LIM homeobox 8 2 RPL23 2 1 V2HS_23046 GGACCAGTAGCAAAGGAGT 64 Ribosomal proein L23; 2 (LOC646949) hypothetical LOC646949 RPL32 2 1 V2HS_165267 CTGAGATTGCTCACAATGT 65 Similar to rCG33193 2 (LOC728572) LOC730139 2 1 V2HS_25169 GGATGTAAGTGTTACATCT 67 Hypothetical protein LOC730139 1 V2HS_25168 GTGTACACATGCTGACACA 68 1 LRRC39 2 2 V2HS_18852 GAATTATTTGGCCTTCAGT 69 Leucine rich repeat 2 V2HS_18851 ACCTTGATCTGAGTATGAA 70 containing 39 1 NRG1 2 1 V2HS_84939 ATGTGTTATTTGTCACAAA 71 Neuregulin 1 2 OR52A1 2 2 V2HS_244561 GCTAGGTTTAAAGCATTCA 72 Olfactory receptor, family 52, 1 V2HS_49243 CTTGGAATATTCTGGTTTA 73 subfamily A, member 1 1 PLEKHH1 2 1 V2HS_46786 CTCTGGATTTAGAGATATA 74 Pleckshin homology domain 2 containing, family H (with MyTH4 domain) member 1 PTPN13 2 1 V2HS_57273 CAGTGAAAGTCCATCTATT 75 Protein tyrosine phosphatase, 4 non-receptor type 13 (APO-1/CD95 (Fas)-associated phosphatase) PTPRJ 2 2 V2HS_91546 CTAATTGACTCCACTGGAT 76 Protein tyrosine phosphatase, 1 V2HS_171000 GGAAGTCACGTATTTGAAT 77 receptor type, J 1 RLN1 2 1 V2HS_94799 CAATCTTAGCTTTGAAGAA 78 Relaxin 1 2 RNF19A 2 1 V2HS_96523 GTTCTTCATCCATTAGTTA 79 Ring finger protein 19A 2 SLC7A14 2 1 V2HS_57109 GTGTTGACAATATATTGAT 80 Solute carrier family 7 3 (cationic amino add transporter, y + system), member 14 ST8SIA3 2 2 V2HS_114878 CTGAGCACAGGTATTCTTA 81 ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuramide 1 V2HS_114879 GGAAGATCTTCCATACCAT 82 alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 3 1 STX3 2 1 V2HS_33937 CCCAGAAACTGCAATGTAT 83 Syntaxin 3 3 TMTC4 2 2 V2HS_177667 CTTTATTCCTCAAGGCAAT 84 Transmembrane and 1 tetratricopeptide V2HS_275500 CATGAATAATCTTGGAAAT 85 repeat containing 4 1 TTN 2 1 V2HS_171633 GTTCCCGACTTGAAATGAA 86 Titin 1 V2HS_171637 CCATCTCGGTTCTTTAGAA 87 1 UBXN7 2 2 V2HS_130208 CATTATTTGGTGCTCCTAA 88 UBX domain protein 7 1 YPEL2 2 2 V2HS_77698 CTCTTTAACTCAGTAGTTA 89 Yippee-like 2 (Drosophila) 1 V2HS_77701 CAAGGACGAGCATACCTCT 90 1 ZNF251 2 1 V2HS_250202 GACCAAGAAGGAACTATCT 91 Zinc finger protein 251 1 V2HS_215547 AATATTACTGGCAAAGTAA 92 1 Count: number of times indicated sequence was detected by Illumina ® high-throughput sequencing. Sequences identified >7 times are arranged by decreasing count at top of table; all sequences identified <7 times are arranged alphabetically. Table 8-B Genes detected in a single high-throughput genomic screen but at high frequency # Tri- # Descrip- Gene als Pools Oligo ID Sense Sequence tion Count MERTK 1 3 V2HS_1643 CTGCATACTTACTTACTTT 93 c-mer proto-oncogene 1178 V2HS_168768 CAGACGTTATTTACCGTCA 94 tyrosine kinase 460 V2HS_197158 CCTTCAGTGATCCAGTGAA 95 371 SCG2 1 3 V2HS_172404 GCCAGGATGCTAGTTAAAT 96 Secretogranin II 19 V2HS_172401 CTCTTGATTCTCAGTCTAT 97 (chromogranin C) 3 V2HS_172400 CTCCTATGTATGAAGAGAA 98 2

Example 2 Target Host Factor Validation

As an initial confirmation that BAD, TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13, MX2, and USP47 knockdown eliminate influenza virus-mediated cytotoxicity, sets of A549 cells were individually transduced with shRNA-lentiviruses specifically targeting each transcript. The shRNA constructs contained puromycin markers for positive selection of transduced cells. Stably transduced cells were passaged in puromycin at least twice to remove non-transduced cells, followed by infection with various influenza A viruses. Non-transduced cells, as well as cells transduced with an irrelevant non-silencing shRNA, were killed after being infected with NY55 at an MOI of 1. In contrast, there was no observable cytopathic effect (CPE) in influenza virus infected cells that had been transduced with BAD-, TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13-, MX2-, or USP47-specific shRNAs (FIG. 7). Knockdown of these genes also resulted in significant reductions in virus titer compared to non-transduced and non-silencing transduction, with virus titers being generally reduced to about 20% of control levels (FIG. 8 b). The shRNA constructs that target TNFSF13 mRNA also inhibits TNFSF12-13 mRNA. WST-1 cell viability assay (Roche) showed no significant reduction in knockdown cell viability compared to controls (FIG. 9 a).

As further validation, to ensure that lack of cytotoxicity and reduced virus replication were not caused by off-target effects or other artifacts, protein knockdowns were repeated with siRNA duplexes (Dharmacon®). Sets of A549 cells were treated with each of four distinct siRNAs that target each of the four proteins (plus an irrelevant non-silencing control) twice, 24 h apart, and after a further 24 h, were infected with influenza virus. Influenza virus replication was dramatically reduced by each of the four BAD-, TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13-, MX2-, and USP47-specific siRNAs (FIG. 8 c; and FIG. 10) and no detectable CPE was observed.

Since NY55 is an H3N2 virus (like the 1968 pandemic “Hong Kong” virus), it was then determined whether these observations could be extended more broadly to other influenza virus subtypes. Therefore, the effects of knocking down these genes were examined on cytopathology and replication of the A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8) and contemporary pandemic SOIV H1N1 isolates. Similar to effects observed with NY55, knockdown of BAD, TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13, MX2, and USP47 also protected the host cell from virus-induced cytopathology during PR8 (H1N1) and SOIV (H1N1) infections (FIG. 7 a) and resulted in reduced virus replication (FIG. 8 b,c). These data strongly indicate that MX2, BAD, TNFSF12-13, TNFSF13, and USP47 knockdown protect human lung epithelial A549 cells from virus-mediated cytotoxicity during infection by viruses of multiple H and N types. Thus, different influenza virus subtypes require certain common cellular pathways for replication and the roles played by BAD, TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13, MX2, and USP47 are virus-type independent. Each of these 4 genes (BAD, TNFSF12-TNFSF13/TNFSF13, MX2, and USP47), and many of the other 31 consistently identified genes, participate in integrated cellular pathways with broad biological impact, including host defence, autoimmunity, cancer and cell cycle, and inflammation. For example, BAD is a pro-apoptotic protein that belongs to the BH3-only subfamily. In light of the pro-apoptotic nature of BAD, a reduction in viral replication seen here suggests a synergistic role of BAD in the virus' lifecycle by sequestering Bcl-2 and promoting apoptosis.

TNFSF13 and the fusion protein TNFSF12-13—also known as APRIL and TWE-PRIL, respectively—belong to the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily.^(12,13) Influenza virus infection up-regulates TNFSF13 expression in lung tissues and affects recruitment of macrophages to the site of infection in TNFSF13 deficient mice.¹⁴ Human MX2 protein has no anti-influenza virus activity described to date; however, it localizes to the nuclear membrane where it may play a role in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking.^(15,16,17,18) USP47 is a deubiquitinase, whose specific role in cellular processes remains relatively unknown.¹⁹ Although there are previous reports indicating the importance of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in other viruses, the involvement of deubiquitylation in influenza remains relatively unknown. More studies on the cellular functions and their involvement in influenza infection are warranted to delineate the specific molecular mechanisms to which TNFSF12-13, TNFSF13 and USP47 proteins contribute.

In order to delineate host biomolecular interactions that may function in conferring protection against viral infection, network analysis^(20,21) was performed. The genes identified in this study participated in 175 binary interactions and three regulatory protein complexes (FIG. 6, Table 9 and FIG. 11-13). Network analysis highlighted the role of BAD and TNFSF12-13/TNFSF13 as being critical nodes within the pathways (FIG. 12), and predicted the involvement of NF-κB, MAPK and AKT pathways in host processes that confer host cell survival.

Knockdown of host MX2, BAD, TNFSF12-13, TNFSF13, or USP47 genes confers broad, non-lethal and long-lasting virus type-independent protection against influenza virus-mediated cytotoxicity and promotes host cell survival.

Example 3 Target Host Factors

Cytopathology induced during influenza infection is a contributing factor to tissue damage and has been suggested to be a catalyst for aberrant host immune response during disease progression, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure.

BAD is a pro-apoptotic protein that belongs to the BH3-only subfamily. Its interaction with Bcl-2 and Bcl-X_(L) inhibits the function of these two anti-apoptotic molecules to promote apoptosis.^(1,2) In West Nile virus (WNV)^(3,4), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)^(5,6), and Hepatitis B and C viruses⁷, viral-induction of apoptosis are significant contributing factors to disease pathology. It also has been recently reported that influenza viruses initiate and require cellular apoptosis for efficient virus replication, and that the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein negatively effects influenza virus replication.^(8,9,10) Similarly, a study with the 1918 pandemic virus in macaques indicate up-regulation of cell death and inflammatory related genes¹¹. Without whishing to be bound by theory the results suggest a synergistic role of BAD in the virus' lifecycle by sequestering Bcl-2 and promoting apoptosis.

TNFSF13 and the fusion protein TNFSF12-13 belong to the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily.^(12,13) Intergenic splicing between exon 6 of TNFSF12, another member of the TNF superfamily, and exon 2 of TNFSF13 leads to the production of a fusion protein called TNFSF12-13, which displays the same receptor specificity as TNFSF13.¹² TNFSF13 and TNFSF12-13 are reported to induce cellular proliferation and be involved in innate and adaptive immune responses.¹⁴ TNFSF13 is a proliferation inducing ligand located in the cytosol and reportedly involved in class switch recombination in B cell responses.¹⁵ Influenza virus infection has been shown to upregulate TNFSF13 expression in lung tissues and affect recruitment of macrophages to the site of infection in TNFSF13 deficient mice.¹⁶

Human MX2 protein has no anti-influenza virus activity described to date; however, it localizes to the nuclear membrane where it may play a role in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking.^(17,18,19) Without whishing to be bound by theory the results suggest that MX2 has a role in trafficking specific viral proteins or protein complexes between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.^(20,21)

USP47 is a deubiquitinase, whose specific role in cellular processes remains relatively unknown.²² Recently, USP47 has been reported to play a function in scattering responses in epithelial cells.²³ Although there are previous reports indicating the importance of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in other viruses, the involvement of deubiquitylation in influenza remains relatively unknown.

31 of the 35 gene candidates identified in the Illumina® screen (4 genes had no known functions) were used for bioinformatics interrogation in order to identify host biomolecular interactions that these candidates participated in employing a open source interaction database analysis platform^(24,25). Computational network analysis demonstrated that several members of the two regulatory pathways Nuclear factor (NF)-κB and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were direct interactors of the identified gene candidates. For example, (i) the gene product of MALT-1 interacts with IκBκG (NF-κB essential modulator, NEMO), TRAF-6 (regulator of TLRNF-κB pathway), MAP3K and MAKP9, and TNFAIP3 (a negative regulator of NF-κB), (ii) RPL23 and PTPNI3 directly interacts with NF-κBIA (a regulator of NF-κB), (iii) RPL23 participated in direct interactions with members of the MAPK pathway and TRAF-2 (TRAF-2 is required for the activation of both MAPK/JNK and NF-κB pathways), (iv) Members of MAPK family and AKT, known to phosphorylate NF-κB subunits²⁶ were demonstrated to be direct to interacting protein partner with BAD, (v) 14-3-3 family of proteins, known to be involved in protection against viral infections²⁷, including in AKT signalling pathway²⁸, were found to be direct interacting partners for four of the 31 candidates, BAD, SH3BP4, CFL1 and RPL23 (Table 9). (vi) TNFSF-12-13 (TWE-PRIL) a critical node in the analyses was previously demonstrated to be involved in stimulating lymphocyte proliferation. Further, the 31 identified gene candidates were analyzed for the overrepresentation of transcription factor binding sites. Over represented transcription factors (TFs) were defined if the binding sites for the factors were predicted in the promoter region of at least three of the candidate genes. This analysis revealed 36 transcription factor binding sites to be enriched within the promoter regions of the submitted genes, among which several TFs were known to be active in host responses downstream of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Over represented TFs such as MEF2A, AIRE, SRF, CREB1 and IRF1, all are known to be involved in host responses against pathogenic infections, including viral infections^(29,30,31,32,33,34). This analysis was consistent with the interaction network analysis which also demonstrated the involvement of both NF-κB and MAPK pathways in the activity of the identified candidates. The human genome-wide screen identified genes that play significant roles in protecting host cells from virus-induced cytopathic effect, and also are important in influenza propagation.

TABLE 9 Immunity-related interacting protein partners of the identified target polypeptides. Log Unique Gene (Sum of Interactor Identifier Name Frequency) Interaction Level Interaction Species PMID NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction Transcription factor HNF4A Homo 14988562 binds with BAD gene sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction Phosphorylation of BAD by RAF1 Homo 15849194 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction Phosphorylation of BAD by PAK1 Homo 10611223 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction Phosphorylation of BAD by AKT1 Homo 15998799 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with YWHAZ Homo 11410287 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with YWHAQ Homo 9369453|15694340 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with TMBIM6 Homo 9660918 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with SNCA Homo 11742726 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with S100A10, Homo 9369453 YWHAB, YWHAH, YWHAE sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with RPS6KA5, Homo 11500364 PRKACA, RPS6KA1 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with PRKCI Homo 15705582 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with PPP1CA Homo 17274640 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with PIM2 Homo 12954615 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with MCL1 Homo 11483855|15694340 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with GRB2 Homo 17474147 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with EWSR1, SFN Homo 16189514 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with BCL2L2 Homo 11483855|15694340| sapiens 10381646|12115603 NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with BCL2L1 Homo 14681455|15705582| sapiens 11494146|7834748| 9389483| 9305851|11206074| 10620799|15694340| 12137781|12115603| 9824152|11077446 NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with BCL2A1 Homo 15694340|11483855 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD interacts with BCL2 Homo 9388232|9463381 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD and Gimap5, Gimap3 Mus 16509771 musculus/ Homo sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction BAD and BNIP3L Homo 9973195 sapiens NM_002463 MX2 4.2 Direct interaction MX2 interacts with MX2 Homo 9405443 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction Transcription factor IRF3 binds with Homo 17494065 MX1 gene sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction MX1 interacts with TRPC7 Homo 15757897 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction MX1 interacts with TRPC6 Homo 15757897 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction MX1 interacts with TRPC5 Homo 15757897 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction MX1 interacts with TRPC4 Homo 15757897 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction MX1 interacts with TRPC3 Homo 15757897 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction MX1 interacts with TRPC1 Homo 15757897 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction MX1 interacts with SUMO1 Homo 11716541 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction MX1 interacts with SP100 Homo 11716541 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction MX1 interacts with PIAS1 Homo 11716541 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction FANCA interacts with MX1 Homo 14499622 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction DAXX interacts with MX1 Homo 11716541 sapiens NM_002462 MX1 3.3 Direct interaction BLM interacts with MX1 Homo 11716541 sapiens NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction Transcription factor HNF4A binds with Homo 14988562 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF13; TNFSF12; sapiens TNFSF13 TNFSF12-TNFSF13 gene NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction TNFSF13; TNFSF12; TNFSF12- Homo 12370363 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF13 interacts with sapiens TNFSF13 TNFSF13; TNFSF12; TNFSF12-TNFSF13 NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction TNFSF13; TNFSF12; TNFSF12- Homo 11565755 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF13 interacts with XPO1 sapiens TNFSF13 NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction TNFSF13; TNFSF12; Homo 12370363 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF12-TNFSF13 interacts with sapiens TNFSF13 TNFSF13B NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction TNFRSF1A interacts with Homo 10706119 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF13; TNFSF12; TNFSF12- sapiens TNFSF13 TNFSF13 NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction TNFRSF14 interacts with Homo 10706119 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF13; TNFSF12; sapiens TNFSF13 TNFSF12-TNFSF13 NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction TNFRSF13B interacts with Homo 10956646 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF13; TNFSF12; sapiens TNFSF13 TNFSF12-TNFSF13 NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction TNFRSF13B interacts with Homo 10956646 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF13; TNFSF12; TNFSF12- sapiens TNFSF13 TNFSF13 NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction TNFRSF11B interacts with Homo 10706119 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF13; TNFSF12; sapiens TNFSF13 TNFSF12-TNFSF13 NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction FAS interacts with Homo 10706119 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF13; TNFSF12; TNFSF12- sapiens TNFSF13 TNFSF13 NM_003808 TNFSF13; 3.1 Direct interaction AGGF1 interacts with Homo 14961121 TNFSF12; TNFSF12- TNFSF13; TNFSF12; sapiens TNFSF13 TNFSF12-TNFSF13 NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1, MALT1, UBE2N, UBE2V2 Homo 14695475 (complex) sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 physically interacts with Homo 18223652 TNFAIP3 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with VHL Homo 17353931 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with UBE2G2 Homo 17353931 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with UBB Homo 14695475 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with UBA52 Homo 17948050 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with TRAF6 Homo 17948050 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with TRAF6 Homo 15125833 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with TRAF2 Homo 15125833 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with SQSTM1 Homo 16874300 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with PRKCQ Homo 17363905 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with MAP3K7IP2 Homo 17948050 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with MAP3K7 Homo 17948050 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction MALT1 interacts with MALT1 Homo 14695475 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction IKBKG, MALT1, UBE2N, UBE2V2 Homo 14695475 (complex) sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction IKBKG interacts with MALT1 Homo 17948050 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction Cleavage reaction involving MALT1 and Homo 18223652 TNFAIP3 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction CARD11 interacts with MALT1 Homo 17948050 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction BCL10, MALT1, TRAF6 (complex) Homo 17948050 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction BCL10, MALT1, MAPK9 (complex) Homo 17189706 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction BCL10, CARD11, MALT1 (complex) Homo 17948050 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction BCL10 interacts with MALT1 Homo 11090634|14695475 sapiens NM_006785 MALT1 2.5 Direct interaction BCL10 interacts with MALT1 Homo 18223652|11090634| sapiens 14695475 NM_001028 RPS25 2.2 Direct interaction Transcription factor HNF4A binds with Homo 14988562 RPS25 gene sapiens NM_001028 RPS25 2.2 Direct interaction RPS25 interacts with UPF2 Homo 15231747 sapiens NM_001028 RPS25 2.2 Direct interaction RPS25 interacts with SGSM2 Homo 16169070 sapiens NM_001028 RPS25 2.2 Direct interaction HAP1 interacts with RPS25 Homo 16169070 sapiens NM_001028 RPS25 2.2 Direct interaction CDC5L interacts with RPS25 Homo 11101529 sapiens NM_014521 SH3BP4 2 Direct interaction SH3BP4 interacts with YWHAZ Homo 15161933 sapiens NM_014521 SH3BP4 2 Direct interaction SH3BP4 interacts with YWHAQ Homo 17353931 sapiens NM_014521 SH3BP4 2 Direct interaction SH3BP4 interacts with YWHAG Homo 15324660|17353931 sapiens NM_014521 SH3BP4 2 Direct interaction SH3BP4 interacts with YWHAB Homo 17353931 sapiens NM_014521 SH3BP4 2 Direct interaction SFN interacts with SH3BP4 Homo 15778465 sapiens NM_014521 SH3BP4 2 Direct interaction GIPC1 interacts with SH3BP4 Homo 17353931 sapiens NM_014521 SH3BP4 2 Direct interaction EPS15 interacts with SH3BP4 Homo 9303539 sapiens NM_006648 WNK2 1.5 Direct interaction FYN interacts with WNK2 Homo 17474147 sapiens NM_006648 WNK2 1.5 Direct interaction ATXN1 interacts with WNK2 Homo 16713569 sapiens NM_006648 WNK2 1.5 Direct interaction ABL1 interacts with WNK2 Homo 17474147 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction Phosphorylation of CFL1 by LIMK1 Homo 17853892 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction Colocalization of CFL1 and PLD1 Homo 17853892 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with YWHAZ Homo 15161933|12361576 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with YWHAG Homo 15598710 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with TXNDC17 Homo 14607843 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with TPI1 Homo 12359716 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with TAGLN Homo 17353931 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with ROCK1 Homo 10436159 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with PLD2 Homo 17853892 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with PLD1 Homo 17853892 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with MYCBP Homo 16169070 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with LIMK2 Homo 10436159 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with LIMK1 Homo 10436159|12963706 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 interacts with HSPH1 Homo 14733918 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 and YWHAZ Homo 12361576 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 and PLD2 Homo 17853892 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CFL1 and PLD1 Homo 17853892 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction CAP1 interacts with CFL1 Homo 11950878 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction ATXN1 interacts with CFL1 Homo 16713569 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction ACTG1 interacts with CFL1 Homo 16189514 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction ACTB interacts with CFL1 Homo 16189514 sapiens NM_005507 CFL1 0.9 Direct interaction ACTA1 interacts with CFL1 Homo 11950878 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction Transcription factor IRF8 binds with Homo 18195016 PTPN13 gene sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction PTPN13 physically interacts with TRIP6 Homo 10400701|17591779 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction PLEKHA2 interacts with PTPN13 Homo 14516276 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction PKN2 interacts with PTPN13 Homo 11356191 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction PDCD10, PTPN13, STK25 (complex) Homo 17657516 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction PDCD10 interacts with PTPN13 Homo 17657516 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction NFKBIA interacts with PTPN13 Homo 14743216 sapiens 9882613|11106428 NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction FASLG interacts with PTPN13 Homo 9261095 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction FAS interacts with PTPN13 Homo 10918185|18195016 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction EFNB1 interacts with PTPN13 Homo 9920925 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction Dephosphorylation reaction involving Homo 17591779 PTPN13 and TRIP6 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction Dephosphorylation reaction involving Homo 11106428 NFKBIA and PTPN13 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction CTNNB1 interacts with PTPN13 Homo 10951583 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction Colocalization of PLEKHA1 and Homo 14516276 PTPN13 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction Colocalization of PKN2 and PTPN13 Homo 11356191 sapiens NM_006264 PTPN13 0.6 Direct interaction ARHGAP29 interacts with PTPN13 Homo 9305890 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 interacts with ZFYVE9 Homo 17693260 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 interacts with VCL Homo 15163412 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 interacts with VAMP3 Homo 12828989 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 interacts with VAMP2 Homo 12828989 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 interacts with TXLNA Homo 12558796 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 interacts with TLN1 Homo 15163412 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 interacts with SYT1 Homo 10397765 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 interacts with STXBP2 Homo 7768895 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 interacts with STXBP1 Homo 7768895 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 interacts with Snap23 Mus 9168999 musculus/ Homo sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction STX3 and ZFYVE9 Homo 17693260 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction SNAP29 interacts with STX3 Homo 9852078 sapiens NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction SNAP25 interacts with STX3 Homo 8663154|7768895| sapiens 9852078 NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction SNAP23 interacts with STX3 Homo 12828989|8663154| sapiens 9168999|9852078 NM_004177 STX3 0.5 Direct interaction Colocalization of STX3 and ZFYVE9 Homo 17693260 sapiens NM_005759 ABI2 0.5 Direct interaction ABI2 interacts with VCL, KRT15, Homo 16189514 KRT19, sapiens KRT20, IFT20, NCK2, SNAP23, PCM1, CCDC53. NM_005759 ABI2 0.5 Direct interaction ABI2 interacts with TRIM32, UBC Homo 18632609 sapiens NM_005759 ABI2 0.5 Direct interaction ABI2 interacts with SH3KBP1 Homo 10858458 sapiens NM_005759 ABI2 0.5 Direct interaction ABI2 interacts with Enah, Wasf2, ABL1. Mus 17101133 musculus/ Homo sapiens NM_005759 ABI2 0.5 Direct interaction ABI2 interacts with ADAM19, Mus 12463424 ADAM22, musculus/ ADAM9. Homo sapiens NM_005759 ABI2 0.5 Direct interaction ABI2 interacts with ADAM19 Homo 12463424 sapiens NM_005759 ABI2 0.5 Direct interaction ABI2 interacts with ABL2 Homo 8649853 sapiens NM_005759 ABI2 0.5 Direct interaction ABI2 interacts with ABL1 Homo 12569093|7590236 sapiens NM_003513 HIST1H2AB 0.3 Direct interaction Transcription factor E2F4 binds with Homo 11799066 HIST1H2AB gene sapiens NM_003513 HIST1H2AB 0.3 Direct interaction Transcription factor E2F1 binds with Homo 11799066 HIST1H2AB gene sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction RPL23, RPS6, WIBG (complex) Homo 19410547 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction RPL23 interacts with TRAF2 Homo 14743216 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction RPL23 interacts with TNFRSF1B Homo 14743216 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction RPL23 interacts with TNFRSF1A Homo 14743216 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction RPL23 interacts with TLN1 Homo 15163412 sapiens NM_015435 RNF19A 0.3 Direct interaction RNF19A interacts with UBE2L6 Homo 11237715 sapiens NM_015435 RNF19A 0.3 Direct interaction RNF19A interacts with UBE2L3 Homo 11237715 sapiens NM_015435 RNF19A 0.3 Direct interaction RNF19A interacts with SP1 Homo 10976766 sapiens NM_015435 RNF19A 0.3 Direct interaction RNF19A interacts with SOD1 Homo 17666395 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction RIPK3 interacts with RPL23 Homo 14743216 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction RIPK1 interacts with RPL23 Homo 14743216 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction PXN interacts with RPL23 Homo 15163412 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction NFKBIA interacts with RPL23 Homo 14743216 sapiens NM_003513 HIST1H2AB 0.3 Direct interaction Methylation reaction involving Homo 15670829 HIST1H2AB and PRMT5 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction MDM2 interacts with RPL23 Homo 17310983|17110929 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction MAP3K7IP2 interacts with RPL23 Homo 14743216 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction MAP3K3 interacts with RPL23 Homo 14743216 sapiens NM_013958 NRG1 0.3 Direct interaction LIMK1 interacts with NRG1 Homo 9685409 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction IKBKG interacts with RPL23 Homo 14743216 sapiens NM_022081 HPS4 0.3 Direct interaction HPS1 interacts with HPS4 Homo 12756248 sapiens NM_003513 HIST1H2AB 0.3 Direct interaction HIST1H2AB interacts with TNFRSF1A Homo 14743216 sapiens NM_013958 NRG1 0.3 Direct interaction ERBB4 and NRG1 Homo 9168115|10970856 sapiens NM_013958 NRG1 0.3 Direct interaction ERBB3 and NRG1 Homo 9168115|11555649| sapiens 17697999|10970856| 7592681 NM_013958 NRG1 0.3 Direct interaction ERBB2 interacts with NRG1 Homo 7592681 sapiens NM_013958 NRG1 0.3 Direct interaction EGFR interacts with NRG1 Homo 7730382 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction Colocalization of RPL23 and WIBG Homo 19410547 sapiens NM_152609 C1orf71 0.3 Direct interaction C1orf71 interacts with EWSR1 Homo 16189514 sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction BCCIP interacts with RPL23 Homo 16189514 sapiens NM_004322 BAD 5.5 Direct interaction ABLIM1, AKT1S1, ARAF, BAD, Homo 17979178 BAIAP2, BCAR1, BRAF, C1QBP, sapiens CEP250, CGN, CLASP1, CLASP2, CRTC1, CSNK1A1, DENND4A, EIF4E2, FAM53C, FOXO3, HDAC4, HDAC7, HSPA8, IRS2, KIF1B, KIF1C, KIF23, KIF5B, KLC1; C14orf153, KLC2, KLC3, KLC4, KSR1, LARP1, LIMA1, LMO7, LSR, MAP3K2, MARK2, MARK3, MAST2, MAST3, MLLT4, NADK, OSBPL3, PAK4, PARD3, PCTK3, PDZD11, PFKFB2, PKP2, PRKCI, PTPN14, RAB11FIP1, RAB11FIP2, RABEP1, RAF1, RASSF8, REEP1, SHROOM2, SLC25A6, SRGAP2, TBC1D1, TBC1D4, TEAD3, TIAM1, TP53BP2, TRIP11, TRIP11, TSC1, TSC2, USP8, VAMP8, WDR68, YWHAB, YWHAG, YWHAH, YWHAH, YWHAQ, YWHAZ, ZFP36L2 (complex). NM_001028 RPS25 2.2 Direct interaction ACTB, ADSL; TNRC6B, AGK, ARF4, Homo 19167051 NM_003513 HIST1H2AB 0.3 ATP5C1, ATP5I, CCT5, CDIPT, DBT, sapiens NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 DNAJA1, DNAJA2, DNAJB11, EEF1A1, EIF2C2, EIF2C3, EIF2C4, EIF4B, EMD, GALK1, HIST1H2AB, HNRNPC, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSPA1B, HSPA5, HSPA8, IDBG- 12906, IGF2BP1, IPO8, JAK1, MYCBP, PABPC1, PABPC4, PGAM5, PRDX1, PRMT5, PTGES3, PTS, QPCTL, RBM10, RPL11, RPL12, RPL23, RPL24, RPL27, RPL27A, RPL35, RPL38, RPL8, RPS10L, RPS12, RPS18, RPS25, RPS26, RPS3A, RPS5, RPS9, SLC25A1, SLC25A10, SLC25A13, SLC25A22, SLC25A3, SLC25A5, SNRPD2, SSBP1, SUCLA2, TNRC6A, TRIM21, TUBA1A, TUBB, TUBB2C, TUFM, TUT1, WDR77, YBX1 (complex) NM_000978 RPL23 0.3 Direct interaction ARHGEF4, CUL1, CUL2, CUL3, Homo 18274552 CUL4A, CUL4B, CUL5, DDB1, sapiens DDX19B, EEF1A1, EEF1A2, EEF2, EIF2A, EMG1, ERCC4, GCN1L1, H2AFX, HARS, HIST2H2BE, KARS, MCM4, MCM5, NAE1, NEDD8, PCNA, PIAS1, PIAS1, PIAS2, PRPF3, PSMD2, RPL10A, RPL11, RPL12, RPL13, RPL14, RPL18, RPL21, RPL23, RPL23, RPL24, RPL26, RPL27, RPL29, RPL30, RPL31, RPL35A, RPL5, RPL6, RPL7, RPL7A, RPL8, RPL9, RPS11, RPS13, RPS14, RPS15A, RPS16, RPS2, RPS20, RPS23, RPS26P25, RPS3, RPS4X, RPS6, RPS7, RPS8, SCN1A, SF3B3, SSRP1, SUMO3, TARS, UBA52, UBE2M, YWHAG, YWHAH (complex)

Example 4 Methods Summary

Human whole-genome screen: A549 cells were transduced at MOI 0.3 with each of 7 Decode RNA GIPZ Lentiviral Positive Screening Library pools according to manufacturer's protocol (Open Biosystems). After 72 h, cells were washed twice with 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and infected with NY55 at an MOI of 7 PFU per cell. At 72 hpi, cells were washed twice with 1×PBS and harvested. Genomic DNA was isolated by phenol/chloroform extraction followed by ethanol precipitation.

PCR: PCR was carried out on isolated genomic DNA using Expand High Fidelity polymerase mix (Roche) and product was purified from polyacrylamide gels. Pooled cDNA was sequenced by high-throughput Illumina® sequencing technology at Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre (Vancouver, British Columbia).

Lentivirus packaging and transduction: Individual human shRNAmir lentiviral clones (Thermo Scientific Open Biosystems; 3-4 for each gene target of interest) were prepared and isolated according to manufacturer's protocol. Individual shRNAs were packaged into lentivirus particles by co-transfection of each shRNAmir with pMD2.G and psPAX2 (Addgene plasmid 12260) in individual sets of HEK-293T cells according to Open Biosystems' Trans-lentiviral Packaging protocol. A549 cells were transduced with lentivirus at an MOI of 0.5. At 72 h post transduction, 3 μg/ml puromycin (Sigma) was added to the media. Cells were passaged twice in puromycin-supplemented completed media to select transductants before they were infected with virus (described below).

siRNA Transfection: Sets of A549 cells were treated with 25 nM of each of 40N-Targetplus siRNA (Dharmacon) targeting each of the USP47, TNFSF12-13, TNFSF13, and BAD genes. siRNAs were introduced into cells with Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen). Each cell set was re-treated with the same siRNA 24 h later. After a further 24 h, cells were infected with virus at an MOI 0.1 and harvested for analysis 48 hpi.

Influenza virus infections: Sets of transduced or transfected A549 cells were infected with influenza virus strains A/NY/55/2004(H3N2) at an MOI of 1 PFU/cell, or with A/PR/8/34(H1N1) at an MOI of 0.01, or with SOIV at an MOI of 0.1 and harvested at 48 hpi for virus titration by plaque assay.

Influenza plaque assay: Influenza plaque assay was carried out on MDCK cells as previously described²².

Bioinformatics Analysis: Sequences were analysed by an in-house computer algorithm. Genes were functionally categorized using PANTHER ontology system^(23,24). Network analysis were done with InnateDB²⁰ database and visualization employing Cerebral²¹.

TABLE 10 Replication of A/NY/55/2004(H3N2) in shRNA knockdown A549 cells. Cells were transduced with shRNA---packaged lentivirus at MOI 0.5, and infected 72 h later at MOI 1. Standard Deviation represents 3 biological replicates. Gene shRNA % of non-silencing Standard Deviation Non-silencing 100.00 0.00 (MxB) 152031 18.94 20.54 (TNFSF) 17313 30.98 15.24 17314 27.46 10.54 17316 22.73 16.40 17317 14.85 15.79 17318 16.53 20.25 (BAD) 15289 23.29 14.97 201511 11.93 22.52 202976 29.91 36.72 (USP47) 174637 13.23 20.82 174641 25.45 32.42 174642 176.72 33.88 174639 59.96 118.71 218228 42.49 90.22

TABLE 11 Replication of A/NY/55/2004(H3N2) in A549 siRNA transfected cells. Cells were treated with 25 pmol siRNA twice, 24 h apart, and after a further 24 h were infected at MOI 0.1. Standard Deviation Represents 2 biological replicates. Gene siRNA % of non-silencing Standard Deviation Non-silencing 100.00 0.00 USP47 si05 4.48 7.42 si06 9.95 12.22 si07 15.92 1.07 si08 18.91 30.15 BAD si09 22.39 9.40 si10 16.42 17.47 si11 18.91 10.13 si12 23.38 19.09 MxB si05 19.40 11.12 si06 1.49 0.09 si07 0 0.00 si08 3.48 5.43 TNFSF12-13 si05 5.47 1.72 si06 5.97 3.45 si07 2.49 2.72 si08 15.42 3.16 TNFSF13 si05 16.42 8.23 si06 12.44 0.26 si07 1.99 2.18 si08 3.98 3.35

All citations are herein incorporated by reference, as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein and as though it were fully set forth herein. Citation of references herein is not to be construed nor considered as an admission that such references are prior art to the present invention.

One or more currently preferred embodiments of the invention have been described by way of example. The invention includes all embodiments, modifications and variations substantially as hereinbefore described and with reference to the examples and figures. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that a number of variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims. Examples of such modifications include the substitution of known equivalents for any aspect of the invention in order to achieve the same result in substantially the same way.

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1. A method of reducing virus replication comprising contacting virus-infected cells with an effective amount of at least one inhibitor of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2.
 2. A method of reducing virus-mediated cytotoxicity comprising contacting virus-infected cells with an effective amount of at least one inhibitor of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2.
 3. A method for treating a viral infection in a subject comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising at least one inhibitor of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2, wherein the composition reduces expression or activity of the ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 when administered to the subject.
 4. The method of claims 1-3, wherein the inhibitor is the BAD, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, MX2 and/or USP47 inhibitor.
 5. The method of claims 1-3, wherein the inhibitor is selected from siRNA, RNAi, shRNA, antisense RNA, antisense DNA, decoy molecule, decoy DNA, double stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, complexed DNA, encapsulated DNA, viral DNA, plasmid DNA, naked RNA, encapsulated RNA, viral RNA, double stranded RNA, molecules capable of generating RNA interference, synthetic ligands, peptide ligands, antagonists, agonists, antibodies, small chemical molecules and combinations thereof.
 6. The method of claims 1-3, wherein the inhibitor is a nucleic acid.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the nucleic acid comprises siRNA, RNAi, shRNA, or a nucleic acid molecule capable of encoding for siRNA, RNAi, or shRNA, or combinations thereof.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the inhibitor is an siRNA.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the siRNA comprises a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID 29, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID 39 and combinations thereof.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the inhibitor is a shRNA.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the shRNA comprises a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: Ito SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 11 to SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 31 to SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 40 to SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47 to SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67 to SEQ ID NO: 98, and combinations thereof.
 12. The method of claims 1-2, wherein the cells are contacted by the inhibitor in vivo.
 13. The method of claim 1-3, wherein the virus is a influenza virus.
 14. The method of claims 1-3 wherein the ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 inhibitor acts on a polypeptide, DNA, or RNA.
 15. The method of claim 3, wherein the subject is a mammal.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the mammal is a human.
 17. A method of screening for an agent useful for reducing virus production and/or reducing virus-mediated cytotoxicity in a cell comprising: i) contacting a cell expressing ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 with a test compound; ii) comparing the amount of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 in the cell in the presence and absence of the test compound; and iii) selecting any test compound decreasing the amount of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2 as useful for reducing virus production and/or reducing virus-mediated cytotoxicity.
 18. A siRNA for treating virus infection, comprising a sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID 29, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID
 39. 19. A shRNA for treating virus infection, comprising a sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 11 to SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 31 to SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 40 to SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47 to SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67 to SEQ ID NO:
 98. 20. A pharmaceutical formulation for treating a virus infection comprising at least one inhibitor of ABI2, ARRDC3, BAD, BRCA1, C17orf85, C1orf71, C6orf162, CCNJL, CFL1, GON4L, HCG 1986447, HIST1H2AB, HPS4, LHX8, RPS25, RPL23, RPL32, LOC730139, LRRC39, MALT1, MX1, MERTK, MX2, NRG1, OR52A1, PLEKHH1, PTPN13, PTPRJ, RLN1, RNF19A, SH3BP4, SLC7A14, ST8SIA3, STX3, TMC6, TMTC4, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TTN, UBXN7, USP47, WNK2, YPEL2, ZNF251 and/or SCG2.
 21. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 20, wherein the at least one inhibitor is a nucleic acid.
 22. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 21, wherein the nucleic acid is selected from siRNA, RNAi, shRNA, or combinations thereof.
 23. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 21, wherein the nucleic acid is selected from nucleic acid molecules capable of encoding siRNA, RNAi, shRNA, or combinations thereof.
 24. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 22, wherein the inhibitor is an siRNA.
 25. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 24, wherein the siRNA comprises a sequence selected from the group of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID 29, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID 39 and combinations thereof.
 26. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 22, wherein the inhibitor is a shRNA.
 27. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 26, wherein the shRNA comprises a sequence selected from the group SEQ ID NO: 1 to SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 11 to SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 31 to SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 40 to SEQ ID NO: 45, SEQ ID NO: 47 to SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 67 to SEQ ID NO: 98 and combinations thereof.
 28. A method of reducing virus replication and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity in a cell comprising modulating activity of BAD by contacting the cell with at least one inhibitor of BAD.
 29. A method of reducing virus replication and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity in a cell comprising modulating activity of TNFSF12-TNFSF13 by contacting the cell with at least one inhibitor of TNFSF12-TNFSF13.
 30. A method of reducing virus replication and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity in a cell comprising modulating activity of TNFSF13 by contacting the cell with at least one inhibitor of TNFSF13.
 31. A method of reducing virus replication and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity in a cell comprising modulating activity of MX2 by contacting the cell with at least one inhibitor of MX2.
 32. A method of reducing virus replication and/or virus-mediated cytotoxicity in a cell comprising modulating activity of USP47 by contacting the cell with at least one inhibitor of USP47. 